对羟基苯甲酸丙酯对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)鳃和表皮K+流速的影响

食品、医药和化妆品等行业大量使用含有对羟基苯甲酸丙酯(propylparaben,PrP)的防腐剂导致其广泛分布于河流、空气和土壤等自然环境中.为探究PrP对鱼类的毒性作用,以食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)为模式生物,分别开展了急性毒性实验和K+流速检测实验.急性毒性实验中设置8种不同浓度的PrP溶液得到96 h半数致死浓度(96 h-LC50)和安全浓度;在K+流速检测实验中利用非损伤微测技术(non-invasive micro-test technology,NMT)分别检测在3种不同浓度(96 h-LC50/10(0.9 mg·L-1),96 h-LC50/5(1.8 mg·L-1),96 h-LC50/2(4.6 mg·L-1))的PrP溶液瞬时暴露和96 h暴露后食蚊鱼表皮和鱼鳃的K+流速变化.急性毒性实验结果表明,PrP的96 h-LC50为9.14 mg·L-1,安全浓度为2.85 mg·L-1;K+离子流速检测实验结果表明,随着PrP暴露浓度的升高,K+流速波动区间逐渐增大,且与暴露浓度成正相关;PrP瞬时暴露和96 h暴露后鱼鳃细胞均向外排出K+,具有剂量效应,K+外排量随着浓度的升高而增大;与之相反,鱼体表皮细胞向内吸收K+,K+流速波动区间随着浓度的升高而增大,呈现一定的剂量效应.上述研究结果表明,PrP对鱼体有一定的毒性,会破坏鱼体内钠钾泵的离子转运功能,PrP毒性强度与暴露时间和暴露方式有关,比较实验中鱼体2种组织的细胞,鱼体表皮细胞抵抗PrP损伤的能力更强,鱼鳃细胞对PrP暴露更敏感,鱼鳃细胞K+流速的变化可以有效指示PrP的毒性效应,为进一步研究PrP对鱼类的毒性机制提供依据.     

Development and applications of functional gene microarrays in the analysis of the functional diversity, composition, and structure of microbial communities

Functional gene arrays (FGAs) are a special type of microarrays containing probes for key genes involved in microbial functional processes, such as biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and metals, biodegradation of environmental contaminants, energy processing, and stress responses. GeoChips are considered as the most comprehensive FGAs. Experimentally established probe design criteria and a computational pipeline integrating sequence retrieval, probe design and verification, array construction, data analysis, and automatic update are used to develop the GeoChip technology. GeoChip has been systematically evaluated and demonstrated to be a powerful tool for rapid, specific, sensitive, and quantitative analysis of microbial communities in a high-throughput manner. Several generations of GeoChip have been developed and applied to investigate the functional diversity, composition, structure, function, and dynamics of a variety of microbial communities from different habitats, such as water, soil, marine, bioreactor, human microbiome, and extreme ecosystems. GeoChip is able to address fundamental questions related to global change, bioenergy, bioremediation, agricultural operation, land use, human health, environmental restoration, and ecological theories and to link the microbial community structure to environmental factors and ecosystem functioning.     

臭氧催化氧化法处理含酚废水的研究进展

臭氧催化氧化法是结合了臭氧的强氧化性和催化剂特性的一种高级氧化技术,在处理含酚废水方面具有明显的技术优势。系统研究了臭氧催化氧化技术处理含酚废水的国内外研究进展,探讨了不同反应体系的优缺点,并指出改进的建议和发展方向。     

Water shortage: a serious problem in sustainable development of China

SUMMARY

Water crises have occurred in more than 400 cities in China at the beginning of 2000. Investigation and statistical data suggest that there are five main problems in the management and utilization of water resources in China. These are (1) insufficient capacity and inhomogeneous space-time distribution of natural resources, (2) outdated construction of water conservancy projects and supply engineering, (3) unreasonable industrial water consumption, (4) increased water pollution and (5) incomplete management of the river basin and waterworks in city. It is necessary to take steps corresponding to the above-mentioned reasons to mitigate and even dispel the pressure on water resources for sustainable development of China as quickly as possible.     

Poverty issues in a national wildlife reserve in China

The increasing interest in environmental conservation is a global phenomenon. In many countries, natural reserves or protected areas (PAs) have been established to restrict human activities and to enhance natural ecosystems, which potentially benefit the planet as a whole. However, this often demands some sacrifices from local residents who may have to give up resources they rely on or suffer losses caused by wildlife. This issue potentially becomes aggravated in densely populated areas where many people and economic activities are impacted. This paper presents research findings on poverty issues in a newly established national natural reserve in China, Hengshui Lake Natural Reserve. The paper addresses the characteristics of poor households in the reserve and the interaction between these families and the reserve. In addition, poverty alleviation measures are analysed and additional measures to reduce poverty and conflicts between the reserve and local residents are recommended.     

根表铁锰膜对不同生育期水稻吸收和转运As的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究不同生育期水稻根表铁锰膜形成及其对As吸收和转运的影响。结果表明,两个水稻品种YD6和NK57均在分蘖期形成的铁锰膜量最多,成熟期形成的铁锰膜量最少。水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累As随着水稻不同品种和不同生育期变化较大,As的吸收和积累与铁锰膜形成存在相关性。与分蘖期相比,YD6和NK57成熟期根系As含量分别减少81.6%和62.1%。孕穗期YD6和NK57茎叶As含量分别比分蘖期减少86.4%和65.5%,比成熟期减少87.8%和67.1%。分蘖期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe或DCB-Mn浓度均呈显著的负相关关系,而孕穗期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe浓度呈显著的正相关关系,说明不同生育期铁锰膜对水稻植株吸收和转运As的影响不同。两个水稻品种不同生育期,As均主要富集和分配在根表铁锰膜中,铁锰膜中As的分配比率达62.9%～84.9%。NK57从根表铁锰膜、根系和茎叶向籽粒转运As的能力比YD6强,籽粒中As含量是YD6的2.1倍。结果表明可以通过选育As低积累和低转运的水稻品种,来降低污染地区As对人体健康的威胁。     

吡啶类离子液体对青海弧菌Q67的混合毒性评估

合污染物产生的累积与毒性相互作用具有潜在的环境与健康风险。以6种吡啶类离子液体(IL)：丁基溴化吡啶([Bpy]Br)、己基溴化吡啶([Hpy]Br)、辛基溴化吡啶([Opy]Br)、丁基氯化吡啶([Bpy]Cl)、己基氯化吡啶([Opy]Cl)和辛基氯化吡啶([Opy]Cl)为混合物组分,应用直接均分射线法(EquRay)和均匀设计射线法(UD-Ray)分别设计4组二元IL混合物和2组三元混合物,每组混合物包括5条具有不同浓度配比的混合物射线。应用微板毒性分析法测定6种IL及其30条混合物射线对青海弧菌Q67的发光抑制毒性,以浓度加和(CA)为加和参考模型分析混合物毒性相互作用。结果表明,Logit函数能有效地拟合6种吡啶IL及其30条混合物射线的浓度-效应数据。若以半数效应浓度的负对数(pEC₅₀)为毒性指标,6个吡啶IL对Q67的毒性与烷基链上碳原子数目正相关,且每增加2个碳原子,其毒性约增加1。IL的阴离子(Br^-或Cl^-)对毒性没有影响。除己基氯化吡啶([Hpy]Cl)和辛基氯化吡啶([Opy]Cl)的二元混合物呈现明显拮抗作用外,其他二元及三元混合物都为加和作用。     

燃煤烟气安大略汞测试方法的实验研究

以我国三家典型电厂的SCR前、除尘前、脱硫前和脱硫后燃煤烟气为例,考察了分析仪器、采样时间、吸收液量和消解方式对安大略方法(Ontario-Hydro法)测试结果的影响。结果表明:CVAAS﹑HG-ICP-AES﹑ICP-MS、和MP-AES都可用于Ontario-Hydro法采集的燃煤烟气样品的汞浓度分析;当烟气中汞浓度较高(大于10μg/m3时),烟气采样时间可以缩短为1 h;200 mL的KMnO4-H2SO4吸收液能确保烟气中汞的监测精度;H2O2-HNO3吸收液和KMnO4-H2SO4吸收液样品采用标准消解和简化消解法所得分析测试结果偏差<10%,表明烟气H2O2-HNO3和KMnO4-H2SO4吸收液样品可采用简化消解方式进行样品消解。     

屠宰废水处理工程实践与工艺探讨

屠宰废水具有有机物浓度高、杂质和悬浮物多、油脂浓度高等特点,采用隔油沉淀-气浮-UASB-接触氧化的主体处理工艺对屠宰废水进行处理,取得了较好的处理效果,出水达到GB 13457—92《肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准》的二级排放标准。     

Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products by sequential ultraviolet and ozonation process in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant

The application of appropriate advanced treat- ment process in the municipal wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） has become an important issue considering the elimination of emerging contaminants, such as pharma- ceutical and personal care products （PPCPs）. In the present study, the removal of 13 PPCPs belonging to different therapeutic classes by the sequential ultraviolet （UV） and ozonation process in a full-scale WWTP in Beijing was investigated over the course of ten months. Most of the target PPCPs were effectively removed, and the median removal efficiencies of individual PPCPs, ranging from -13% to 89%, were dependent on their reaction rate constants with molecular ozone. Noticeable fluctuation in the removal efficiencies of the same PPCPs was observed in different sampling campaigns. Nevertheless, the sequential UV and ozonation process still made a significant contribution to the total elimination of most PPCPs in the full-scale WWTP, by compensating for the poor or fluctuant removal performance of PPCPs by biologic treatment process.